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The brain stem is essential for regulating involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate. It acts as a crucial hub that connects the brain to the spinal cord and consists of several components, including the medulla oblongata and the pons. The medulla oblongata specifically controls autonomic functions, where the centers for respiration and cardiovascular regulation are located. This part of the brain continuously monitors and adjusts these vital functions without conscious effort, ensuring that the body maintains homeostasis.

Other brain regions mentioned play different roles; for instance, the cerebellum primarily coordinates voluntary movements and balance, while the cerebrum is involved in higher cognitive functions, including thought, memory, and voluntary muscle movements. The pituitary gland, although it plays a vital role in hormone regulation, does not directly control these involuntary functions.